What is a visual inference?
A relation or property R between characters/tokens is meaning carrying (in a representational system) if there is a (possibly derived) semantic rule/generalization such that for all x, y if R ( x , y ) then I ( R )( I ( x ), ( I ( y )). [Analogously, A relation or property R* between characters/tokens is derivability relevant if there is a (possibly derived) derivation rule/generalization which appeals to R . A relation or property R is syntactic if it is either meaning carrying or derivability relevant ] We also say that I ( R )( I ( x ), ( I ( y )) is observed (in the derived sense) from a representation if one actually observes (in the strict sense) that R ( x , y ) [that R ( x , y ) is called a ‘statement' by Stapleton et al . and a ‘representing fact’ by Shin] and derives I ( R )( I ( x ), ( I ( y )) from R ( x , y ) through an adequate semantic inference. The simple schema of representations for information transmission requires codification and decoding, i.e., th