Four kinds of emergence

  1. hierarchical

Different factors and agents at the base level contribute differently to the emerging phenomenon, but in a hierarchical way so that the contribution of some depends on the contribution of others in a hierarchical (possibly partial) order.

Example: The system formed by herd and shepherd. A traditional business company.

  1. non-hierarchical structured

Different factors and agents at the base level contribute differently to the emerging phenomenon, but not in a hierarchical way so that if the contribution of some depends on the contribution of others, it is in a complex, circular or symmetric way.

Example: A funk band.

  1. genetic-evolutionary

All factors and agents at the base level make the same sort of contributions but still different in a random (or close to random) way, reacting and building on each other’s contributions in a non-hierarchical way, generating recursive patterns of proposal-rejection/adoption.

Example: A brainstorming session. Biological evolution. Genetic evolutionary algorithms. Gossip. Shoals.

  1. scalar

Size matters. All factors and agents at the base level make the same contribution and after reaching a certain size, there is a change of kind not degree.

Example: Epidemics. Clouds. 

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