On Plurality

Whether all pluralities are extensional is a question that will depend heavily on what a plurality means. The correct way of understanding whether something is a plurality is relative to things of a kind that are more than one in cardinality and are somehow ontologically related to that entity as to be in it in such a way as to make it a plurality. So, for example, a pair of shoes is a plurality just in relation to the shoes that make it a pair. Otherwise, it would just be an object. This relation is sometimes called membership, but this choice of word is confusing because this is also the name of the relationship between sets and their, well, members. Borrowing an idea from Frege, pluralities are always concept-relative.  In other words, nothing is a plurality in itself, but most times, the relevant entities that make a plurality a plurality are so contextually salient that we miss this fact. 

Things get complicated fast because of two other confounding facts: First, different pluralities can nevertheless compose the same object. This is just the well-known phenomenon of multiple-decomposition. The same sentence can be decomposed into a plurality of syntagmas, a plurality of words, a plurality of phonemes, etc. Thus, it is very important to not confuse a plurality with its fusion or whatever it may compose. Second, membership is just but one of the many many-to-one ontological relations entities have among each other. Set-membership is another. Being a member of, for example, a team, a band, or a court is another. Being a part of isanother. Being a component of, as in words in a sentence, or organs in a physiological system is another. And so on. It is fundamental not to confuse these relations because there are substantial differences among them. As I have argued elsewhere, for example, being a component is a role-mediated relation, while membership is not. Also, membership is extensional while being a member is not, etc. 

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