conceptual

Part of conversation consists in allocating voice—that is, determining who has standing to demand responses from us within the conversation and who has not. For example, we must decide which questions we are warranted in ignoring (for example, if they derail the conversation, if they change topic in an authoritarian way, etc.). "From early Greece to present-day researchers in communication, the belief is strong that the concepts the members of an audience hold of a speaker do affect how they respond to what is being said." ( Cripe 1985 : 348)  In general, if a speaker has standing, she has the responsibility of displaying (and sometimes, even signaling) such standing and the hearers have the responsibility of recognize her standing. But, of course, we are fallible and non-ideal philosophy of language needs to account to how and why this happens, including who has the responsibility of each of these things happening. This includes distinguishing implicit and explicit evaluatio...