Four kinds of emergence
- hierarchical
Different factors and agents at the base level contribute differently to the emerging phenomenon, but in a hierarchical way so that the contribution of some depends on the contribution of others in a hierarchical (possibly partial) order.
Example: The system formed by herd and shepherd. A traditional business company.
- non-hierarchical structured
Different factors and agents at the base level contribute differently to the emerging phenomenon, but not in a hierarchical way so that if the contribution of some depends on the contribution of others, it is in a complex, circular or symmetric way.
Example: A funk band.
- genetic-evolutionary
All factors and agents at the base level make the same sort of contributions but still different in a random (or close to random) way, reacting and building on each other’s contributions in a non-hierarchical way, generating recursive patterns of proposal-rejection/adoption.
Example: A brainstorming session. Biological evolution. Genetic evolutionary algorithms. Gossip. Shoals.
- scalar
Size matters. All factors and agents at the base level make the same contribution and after reaching a certain size, there is a change of kind not degree.
Example: Epidemics. Clouds.
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