Ontology in a Nutshell
This semester I am teahcing Mteaphysics 1 for the first time. This week, we talked about how almost every ontological category goes through the same historical dynamics:
Paradox: First, an inconsistency is discovered among our theories, intuitions, or other strongly held convictions.
Pluralism: Then, an ontological distinction is introduced to recover consistency.
Unity in Plurality: But, it is also noticed that there are important relations between both sorts of beings.
Aristotelianism: These relations are then modeled in a way that suggests that one of the two ways of being is more fundamental than the other.
Reductionism (Monist Anti-Realist Revenge): Finally, it is suggested that, actually, only the so-called fundamental one is the only real way of being.
And I think it clearly holds for god:
Paradox: First, many inconsistencies are found in the divine way of being
Pluralism: Then, an ontological distinction between divine and non-divine modes of being is introduced to recover consistency.
Unity in Plurality: But, it is also noticed that there are important relations between both sorts of beings: salvation, predetermination, etc.
Aristotelianism: These relations are then modeled in a way that suggests that one of the two ways of being is more fundamental than the other. Different traditions pick one or the other as the more fundamental.
Reductionism (Monist Anti-Realist Revenge): Finally, it is suggested that, actually, only the so-called fundamental one is the only real way of being. Either because it is argued that we humans are actually also divine, even if in a diminished or derivative sense or because it is argued that the divine is merely a human construction. This reduction is constructed in such a way that the relations that had created so much trouble to the pluralist become the grounds of the reduction.
It certainly holds also for universals, numbers, institutions, etc.
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