Not all logical operators are the same

 There is something suspicious about our reliance on simple recursive definitions in logic — specifically, our custom of introducing logical operators into the language via inductive clauses of the form: if F1, F2, … Fn are wffs, then On(F1, F2, … Fn) is also a wff. This formulation tacitly assumes that all logical operators are what I have elsewhere (1994) called "homogeneous": their values belong to the same category as their arguments. In particular, it assumes they are all sentential operators, since both their arguments and their values are sentences.

There are undeniable metalogical advantages to conceiving of logical language this way — advantages pressed on me by both Raúl Orayén and David McCarthy. Yet several philosophers of logic, including Frege, Łukasiewicz, Haack, and myself, have challenged this orthodoxy. Frege, for instance, introduced a logical operation from sentences to their contents — a kind of restricted disquotation — that is not sentential: although its arguments are sentences, its values are not. Haack and Łukasiewicz, to take another example, held that logical implication is not a homogeneous operation, since implications constitute a sui-generis and entirely different sort of sentence from their components (though I disagree with this particular claim). I have myself argued that modal operators are likewise not homogeneous, and that the orthodox treatment of open and closed formulas as belonging to the same type is a serious mistake.

I am now exploring the idea that negation, too, is not homogeneous. The reasoning is this: treating negation as homogeneous erases the distinction between positive and negative sentences — a distinction with substantial philosophical import. Bolander and Cook, for example, have shown it to be essential for taming circularity and self-reference. It is, of course, also central to the ontological argument for the existence of God, among other applications. And I now believe it is central as well to a better understanding of the nature of contradictions.

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